Development Of Computer & Definition of computer

Lesson - 2 

Development Of computer 

 Computer is a man - made machine that has changed the way we work, live, play etc. It has touched every aspect of our lives in some way or the other. This incredible invention is the Computer. In the last four Decades it has changed the way our society lives and works. It started from wooden abacus and transformed into latest high speed microprocessor. 

History Of Computer.

1. Abacus : Abacus was used (to calculate) in ancient times. Abacus is an instrument which is used for arithmetic calculations. The calculations are don
e by beads threaded on wires. It was invented in Chine. 

Abacus 

2. Pascal Calculator Or Pascaline : The first machanical calculator was Created by the French Math matician, Blaise Pascal in 1645. Inter locking gears were used in that calculator, which showed the numbers (0 to 9). It was only capable of addition or subtraction. Hence it was also called adding machine.

Pascal

3. Analytical Engine : In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard created an automated weaving loom. In this, a metal plate was pierced and punched and which was capable of controlling the weaving of cloth. In 1820, an English inventor, Charles Babbage, developed the difference engine and later the Analytical Engine. The first computer prototype was built using the concepts of Charles Babbage, For this reason Charles Babbage is called the father of Computer. Despite ten years of hard work; he was not completely successful. In 1842, Lady lavelace wrote a paper to L.E. Translated Menabrea on the Analytical Engine from Italian to English. Agusta wrote the first demonstration program and his contribution to binary arithmetic was used by john von Neumann for the development of modern computer. That is why Agusta is called the first Programmer, and inventor of the binary system.

4. Herman Hollerith And Punch Cards : Around 1880, Hollerith created punch cards, which were like today's Computer cards. He also invented the Hollerith 80 column code and the census Tabulator. 

Herman Hollerith Punch Cards

5. ENIAC (first electronic computer) : In 1942, H. Icon of Harvard university created a computer. This computer is mark. Was the prototype of Oz's computer. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrated and Calculator,. was created In 1946 during world war. II. Which was the first completely electronic computer which was manufactured in Pennsylvania University J.Presper Eckert and John Muchly of the university.  

6. EDSAC (Stored Program Concept - EDSAC) : According to the stored program concept, the operating instructions and data which are being used in processing should be stored in the computer and can be used as per the requirment of the program. Most be transformed at execution time. The EDSAC computer was developed at the University of Cambridge, Incorporating the stored program concept. It was capable of storing a squence of instructions in a computer and was equivalent to the first computer program. 

7. UNIVAC -1 : It is also called Universal Automatic Computer. This was the first computer available for business use in 1951. It included the characteristics of the first generation of computer.

Development                        Years                        Key facts

Abacus                                                      3000-2000 E. East                   First mechanical calculator.

Pascal Calculator                                           1645                                    The first machine that was                                                                                                                             capable of addition, subtraction                                                                                                                      and counting.

Jacqard Weaving Engine                                1801                                    Metal plated with punch holes                                                                                                                      were used to control the                                                                                                                                weaving pattern.

Babbage Analytical                                   1834-1871                                Attempt to create the first                                                                                                                             general purpose computer, But                                                                                                                       this was not possible during                                                                                                                           the lifetime of Babbage.

Herman Tableting Machine                        1887-1896                                Codes and devices were                                                                                                                                 created to punch data into                                                                                                                            cards and tabulate stored data.

Howard Aiken Mark-1                                1937-1944                               Electromechanical computers                                                                                                                       were created, which used                                                                                                                                punched paper tape for data                                                                                                                           collection.

ENIAC                                                         1943-1950                               The first complete electronic                                                                                                                          calculating machine in which                                                                                                                                the program was                                                                                                                                          permanently stored.

Von Neumann Stored Program concept       1945-1952                               The concept of storing                                                                                                                                  instructions and data in the                                                                                                                             computer's memory was                                                                                                                          develop. Data and instructions                                                                                               ,                        began to be coded in binary.

EDSAC                                                         1946-1952                              The first computer which was                                                                                                                       capable of storing information                                                                                                                        (data) and instructions in its                                                                                                                                           memory.

UNIVAC-1                                                    1951-1954                               The first computer that was                                                                                                                              commercial available.

Computer Generation

The key to developing different generations of computers has been to create fast and reliable computers.

First Generation Computer (1942-1955)

Unibhek was the first commercial computer. This Machine was developed for use. Export tubes (Vacuum Tubes) were used in this. These where larger in size and generated more heat. In this, all the instructions were stored in the computer in the form of  data and machine language was used in it. Punched cards were used for storage. Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC and Mark.-1 are its examples. There were some drawbacks to the use of vacuum tubes. It took time to heat the vacuum tube and after heating, a lot of heat was generated, to keep it cool, Expensive air-conditioning systems had to used, and a large amount of electricity was consumed.

Vacuum tubes

Second Generation Computer (1955-1964)

Computer 1955 - 1964 in this generation of computers, light small transistors were used instead of vacuum tubes. Magnetic core was used to represent data in Computers. magnetic disks and tapes were used to store data. there was a layer of iron oxide on the magnetic disk. Their speed and storage capacity were also fast. During this period, use of  computers started in business and industry and new programming language were develop. 

Third Generation Computer(1965-1974)

Continuous technological development in electronic led to reduction in the size of computer and the ability to work at a faster speed.  In the third generation computers, integrated circuits (I.C) started being used in place of transistors, which were developed by (J.S. Kilbi). Initially LSI (large Scale Integration) was used, in which a large number of IC were integrated on a single silicon chip. (Integrated circuit) or Transistor was used. With the use of RAM (Random Access Memory), the storage capacity of magnetic tape and disk increased. Time sharing develop in the computer used by people, through which more than one user could use the computer's resources simultaneously. Hardware and software started being available separately so that the user could take the software as per his requirement. 

Fourth Generation Computer (1975 up till now)

In the forth generation computers, the use of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) and ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) started instead of LIC, in which almost everything could be done in a single chip. The use of VISI technology led to the creation of microcomputers which reduced the size and increased capacity of computers. MOORE was used not only in computers but in many other products or vehicles like sewing machines, microwave ovens, electronic games, etc. Semi-conductor memory started being used in place of magnetic disks and tapes. By increasing the parity of RAM, time was saved and the work started happening at a very fast pace. During this period, using computer became easier with the development of GUI (Graphical User Interface). MS-DOS, MS-Windows and Apple Mac OS operating systems and "c" language were develop. High-level language was standardized so that programs could run on all computers. 

Fifth generation Computer - At present

In the fifth generation computer, ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) was developed in place of VLSI and it became possible to perform millions of calculations through a single chip. CD (Compact Disk) was developed for storage. Internet, e-mail and World Wide Web (WWW) developed. Very small and fast working computers were developed. Programming complexity reduced. An attempt was made to develop Artificial Intelligence so that the computer can take decisions according to the situation. Portable PC and Desktop PC brought a revolution in the field of computers and started being used in every walk of life. 

Generations                                      Features 

First Generation                           1. Use of vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

                                                     2. Use of magnetic drum as primary internal storage. 

                                                     3. Limited main storage capacity.

                                                     4. Slow speed input-output.

                                                     5. Low level programming language, machine language, assembly                                                               language.

                                                     6. Inconvenience in temperature control.

                                                     7. Use-For payroll processing and record keeping.

                                                     8. Example - IBM 650.

Second Generation                       1. Start using transistors.

                                                      2. Use of magnetic core as primary internal storage.

                                                      3. Increase in main storage capacity.

                                                      4. Fast input-output.

                                                      5. High level language (COBOL, FORTRAN).

                                                      6. Reduction in size and heat.

                                                      7. Fast and reliable.

                                                      8. Bench oriented usage billing, payroll processing, Updated of                                                                       inventory files.

                                                      9. Example - IBM 1401 Honey well 200 CDC 1604.

Third Generation                           1. Uses of integrated chip. I C

                                                       2. Use as magnetic core and solid state main storage. (SSI and MS).

                                                       3. More flexible input-output.

                                                       4. Sharp, short, reliable.

                                                       5. Extensive use of high level language.

                                                       6. Remote processing and time sharing system, multi programming.

                                                       7. Software available to control input output.

                                                       8. Uses-Airline Reservation System, Credit Card Billing.

                                                       9. Example - IBM System/360, NCR 395, Burrough B6500.

Fourth Generation                          1. Use of VLSI and ULSI.

                                                        2. High and fast capacity storage.

                                                        3. Capability between device from different hardware                                                                                  manufacturers so that the consumer is not tied any one vendor.

                                                        4. Increase in use of mini computers.

                                                        5. Introduction of microprocessor and mini computer.

                                                        6. Uses - Electronic funds transfer, business production and                                                                            personal use.

                                                        7. Example - IBM PC - XT, Apple.

Fifth Generation                              1. Use of optical discs in storage.

                                                         2. Development of Internet, e-mail and www.

                                                         3. Small in size, fast and easy to use, plug and play.

                                                         4. Use - In using internet, multimedia.

                                                         5. Example - IBM Notebook, Pentium PC, Super Computer etc.

Special Purpose & General purpose Computers

1. Special Purpose Computer : Special purpose Computer are used to overcome a certain and specific kind of problem. Such system are highly effective for a particular use. Example - Automatic Traffic control system, Automatic Aircraft landing System etc.

2. General Purpose Computer : These are not manufactured for any specific task. They are capable of removing more than one problem and by making sight changes in the programs or instructions, different tasks can  be performed. These are used i everything from simple accounting to complex simulation and forecasting.

Classification On Working System

1. Digital Computer : In digital computer, data is represented in the form of electric pulse. Which is calculated by (0 or 1). A good example of this is the digital watch. Their speed is fast and it can do millions of calculations per second. Binary system in modern digital computers (Binary system is used).

2. Analog Computer : In this the analog form of electricity is used. Its speed is slow. Voltmeter and barometer etc. Are examples of analog instruments.

3. Hybrid Compute : It is a mixed form of digital and analog. In this, input and output are in analog form but processing is in digital form. In these, analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) are used. 

Classification On Size 

1. Mainframe Computer : The specialty of these machines is large internal memory storage and extensive integration of software and peripheral devices. Its working capacity and speed are extremely fast. More than one person (Multi-user) can perform different tasks simultaneously on these systems. For this, Multics operating system was created in Bell Laboratory. Uses - In the field of banking, research, defence, space etc./ Example - IBM - 370, IBM - S/390 and Unibhac - 1110 etc.

Mainframe Computer

2. Mini Computer : These are much small in size than mainframe computers. Its storage capacity and speed are high. Many people can work on it simultaneously (Multi user). By using 80386 super chip in it, It turns into a super mini computer.  

Use - In Company, passenger reservation, research etc.

Example - AS 400, BULL HN - DPX2, HP 9000 and RISC 6000.

Mini Computer

3. Micro Computer : Micro as processor in micro computer. Processor is used. In this, Keyboard is used for input and monitor is used for viewing output. Its capacity is 1 lakh operations per second. 

Uses - Commercially, in homes, in the field of entertainment, medical etc. 

Example - APPLE MAC, IMAC, IBM, PS/2, IBM COMPETEVLA. 

Micro Computer 

4. Personal Computer : These are very small size. This is a form of microcomputer. Only one user can work on it at a time. Its operatin system can do multiple tasks simultaneously (Multitasking). It can also he connected to the internet. The name of the first computer manufactured in India is Siddhartha. It was built for the famous computer game called Pacman. 

Uses - Home, commercial, entertainment, data collection, etc. 

Example - Personal computers of IBM, Compaq, Lenovo, HP etc. 

Personal Computer.

5. Laptop : It works like PC It works, but is smaller in size than a PC and can be carried anywhere. CPU, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and other drives are also combined in it. It also works on batteries, so It can be taken anywhere and used. Internet can also be used with the help of Wi-fi and Bluetooth. 

Example - IBM, Compaq, Apple, Lenovo etc. 

Laptop. 

6. Palmtop : This is the very small computer which can be placed on the palm. Apple, Lenovo etc. Is used to. Input is also done in the form of sound. It is also called PDA. 

Palmtop.

7. Super Computer : Super computer is a computer whose storage capacity and speed is extremely fast. It is extremely fast compared to other computer of its generation. Thousands of microprocessors are installed in them. This is the most powerful computer ever. The world first supercomputer was Cray-1 in 1976, which was developed by Cray Research Company. It is the most successful supercomputer in history. India's first Supercomputer Param was developed by C - DAC in 1991. 

Super computer are at the forefront in current processing capacity, especially calculation speed. Multi processing and parallel Processing are used in this, through which any work is divided into pieces and many people can work simultaneously. It is used in animated graphics, nuclear research etc. 

Pace series supercomputers were developed by DRDO (Defence Research and development Organization) Hyderabad and Anupam series computers were developed by BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre). Example - CRAY -1 |